General Deductibility Rules (Article 28)
The General Test
An expense is deductible if it is:
- Wholly and exclusively incurred for business purposes
- Not specifically non-deductible under Article 29
- Actually incurred (not estimated or contingent)
Wholly and Exclusively Test
The expense must be incurred solely for business purposes. If an expense has a dual purpose (business and private), it is generally non-deductible unless the business portion can be separately identified.
Examples
- ✅ Office rent — fully deductible
- ✅ Employee salaries — fully deductible
- ✅ Raw materials — fully deductible
- ❌ Personal expenses — non-deductible
- ❌ Fines — non-deductible (Article 29)